 Oleg Abramov |
Europa Clipper ** Calibration/Test planning, Instrument Co-Investigator, Mission science team, Science operations |
Earth, Enceladus, Europa, Mars, Moon |
Astrobiology, Impacts, Remote sensing, Thermal Emission Spectroscopy, Thermal modeling |
Cameras, Imaging spectrometers, Spectrometers |
 Chance Amos |
MRO |
Earth, Icy satellites, Mars, Moon |
Field Work, Geology, Geomorphology, Mapping, Planetary Interiors, Radar, Remote sensing, Tectonics |
|
 Sarah Andre |
MESSENGER |
Mercury, Moon, Small satellites |
Remote sensing, Tectonics, Geology |
|
 Zach Bain |
MRO |
Mars |
Geology, Geomorphology, Impacts, Mapping, Radar, Remote sensing, Thermal Emission Spectroscopy, Thermal modeling |
|
 Mark Bishop |
|
Earth, Mars, Titan |
Remote sensing, Volcanism, Geology, Education/Public Outreach (EPO), Geomorphology |
|
 Peter Buhler |
|
Exoplanets, Icy satellites, Mars, Pluto |
Astrobiology, Celestial Mechanics, Climate, Crater Counting, Geology, Geomorphology, Mapping, Numerical modeling, Remote sensing, Space-based observing, Thermal modeling |
|
 Matthew Chojnacki |
Mars Odyssey, MER, MRO, OSIRIS-REx ** Data archive, Data validation, Mission operations, Science operations |
Asteroids, Earth, Mars |
Geology, Geomorphology, Mapping, Remote sensing, Spectroscopy, Thermal Emission Spectroscopy |
Cameras |
 Frank Chuang |
Galileo, LRO, Mars Global Surveyor, Mars Odyssey, MESSENGER, MRO ** Mission science team |
Callisto, Earth, Europa, Ganymede, Icy satellites, Io, Mars, Mercury, Moon |
Crater Counting, Geology, Geomorphology, Impacts, Mapping, Remote sensing, Volcanism |
Cameras |
 Roger Clark |
Cassini, Chandrayaan 1 (India), Europa Clipper, Galileo, Mars Global Surveyor, Mars Observer, MRO ** Instrument Co-Investigator, Mission Co-Investigator |
Asteroids, Ceres, Comets, Dwarf planets, Earth, Exoplanets, Icy satellites, Interplanetary Dust, Io, Jupiter, Kuiper Belt, Mars, Mercury, Moon, Neptune, Planetary rings, Pluto, Saturn, Small satellites, Titan, Uranus, Venus, Vesta |
Geology, Ground-based observing, Mapping, Mineralogy, Numerical modeling, Photometry, Remote sensing, Space-based observing, Spectroscopy |
|
 Steve Clifford |
Mars Express (ESA), Rosetta ** Mission Co-Investigator, Mission science team |
Earth, Icy satellites, Mars |
Field Work, Geology, Geomorphology, Numerical modeling, Radar, Remote sensing, Thermal modeling |
|
 Jean-Philippe Combe |
Cassini, Chandrayaan 1 (India), Dawn, Mars Express (ESA), Rosetta ** Calibration/Test planning, Mission Co-Investigator, Mission science team |
Asteroids, Ceres, Comets, Earth, Enceladus, Europa, Icy satellites, Mars, Moon, Phobos, Planetary rings, Titan, Vesta |
Education/Public Outreach (EPO), Field Work, Laboratory Spectroscopy, Mapping, Mineralogy, Numerical modeling, Photometry, Remote sensing, Space-based observing, Spectroscopy |
Cameras, FTIR, Imaging spectrometers, Spectrometers, Thermal radiometers |
 Aster Cowart |
Mars Odyssey, MSL ** Mission science team, Science operations |
Earth, Mars |
Education/Public Outreach (EPO), Field Work, Geology, Geomorphology, Mapping, Remote sensing, Thermal Emission Spectroscopy |
Cameras, Imaging spectrometers, Spectrometers |
 David Crown |
Dawn, Mars Odyssey, MRO |
Ceres, Dwarf planets, Earth, Icy satellites, Io, Mars, Moon, Venus |
Crater Counting, Education/Public Outreach (EPO), Field Work, Geology, Geomorphology, Mapping, Radar, Remote sensing, Tectonics, Volcanism |
|
 Darby Dyar |
MSL |
Earth, Mars, Mercury, Moon, Venus |
Astrobiology, Education/Public Outreach (EPO), Geology, Mineralogy, Petrology, Remote sensing, Spectroscopy |
|
 William Feldman |
ACE, Dawn, Giotto (ESA), Lunar Prospector, Mariner 10, Mars Observer, Mars Odyssey, MESSENGER, Pioneer 10, Pioneer 11, Ulysses ** Calibration/Test planning, Data validation, Instrument operations, Instrument PI, Mission Co-Investigator, Mission science team, Requirements generation and flow down |
Ceres, Mars, Mercury, Moon, Solar particles/Solar wind, Vesta |
Education/Public Outreach (EPO), Neutron detectors, Remote sensing, Space-based observing, Spectroscopy |
|
 Jianqing Feng |
Chang'E 1 (China), Chang'E 2 (China), Chang'E 3 (China), Juno, LRO ** Calibration/Test planning, Data validation, Instrument Co-Investigator, Mission operations, Mission science team |
Ganymede, Moon |
Numerical modeling, Radar, Remote sensing, Space-based observing, Thermal modeling |
Microwave radiometers, Thermal radiometers |
 Fritz Foss |
Kaguya (Japan), Mars Express (ESA), MRO ** Mission science team |
Earth, Mars, Moon |
Numerical modeling, Radar, Remote sensing |
|
 Rebecca Ghent |
LRO, Mars 2020, OSIRIS-REx |
Asteroids, Earth, Mars, Mercury, Moon, Venus |
Remote sensing, Radar, Tectonics, Volcanism, Numerical modeling, Geology, Ground-based observing, Mapping |
|
 Alan Gillespie |
Mariner 9 ** Calibration/Test planning, Data validation, Mission science team |
Earth, Mars |
Field Work, Geology, Geomorphology, Mapping, Mass spectrometry, Remote sensing, Spectroscopy |
Imaging spectrometers, Mass spectrometers, Thermal radiometers |
 Amara Graps |
Cassini, Dawn, Galileo, IRAS, New Horizons, Rosetta, Ulysses, Voyager ** Calibration/Test planning, Data archive, Data validation, Instrument operations, Mission science team, Requirements generation and flow down, Science operations |
Asteroids, Ceres, Comets, Dwarf planets, Enceladus, Icy satellites, Interplanetary Dust, Io, Io torus, Jupiter, Meteorites, Moon, Planetary rings, Saturn, Small satellites, Solar particles/Solar wind, Uranus, Vesta |
Astrobiology, Education/Public Outreach (EPO), Ground-based observing, Magnetospherics, Numerical modeling, Photometry, Remote sensing, Shape modeling, Space-based observing, Volcanism |
IRTF, Palomar ** Cameras, Dust counter |
 JA Grier |
|
Asteroids, Ceres, Mars, Mercury, Moon, Small satellites, Vesta |
Crater Counting, Education/Public Outreach (EPO), Geology, Remote sensing, Spectroscopy |
|
 Vicki Hansen |
|
Earth, Venus |
Education/Public Outreach (EPO), Field Work, Geology, Geomorphology, Mapping, Optical Microscopy, Petrology, Radar, Remote sensing, Tectonics |
|
 Candice Hansen |
Cassini, Europa Clipper, Juno, MRO, Voyager |
Dwarf planets, Icy satellites, Jupiter, Mars, Pluto, Titan |
Spectroscopy, Remote sensing, Geology, Education/Public Outreach (EPO) |
|
 Amanda Hendrix |
Cassini, Galileo, HST, IUE, LRO, Mariner 10, Mariner 9 ** Data archive, Deputy Mission PI, Instrument Co-Investigator, Mission science team, Requirements generation and flow down, Science operations |
Asteroids, Callisto, Ceres, Deimos, Enceladus, Europa, Ganymede, Iapetus, Icy satellites, Io, Io torus, Moon, Phobos, Planetary rings, Small satellites, Vesta |
Photometry, Remote sensing, Space-based observing, Spectroscopy |
Spectrometers |
 David Horvath |
|
Earth, Mars, Titan |
Climate, Geology, Geomorphology, Numerical modeling, Remote sensing, Volcanism |
|
 Alan Howard |
New Horizons ** Mission science team |
Earth, Icy satellites, Mars, Pluto, Titan |
Crater Counting, Geology, Geomorphology, Remote sensing, Shape modeling |
|
 Liz Jensen |
Cassini, MESSENGER ** Calibration/Test planning, Data archive, Data validation |
Earth, Moon, Solar particles/Solar wind |
Education/Public Outreach (EPO), Heliophysics, Remote sensing, Spectroscopy |
Cameras, Magnetometers, Spectrometers |
 Jeffrey Kargel |
Cassini, Galileo, Mars Global Surveyor, Mars Observer, Mars Odyssey, Mars Pathfinder, Mars Polar Lander, MESSENGER, MSL, New Horizons, Voyager ** Mission science team |
Asteroids, Ceres, Earth, Enceladus, Europa, Icy satellites, Io, Mars, Mercury, Pluto, Titan, Trans-Neptunian objects, Venus |
Astrobiology, Climate, Field Work, Geochemistry, Geology, Geomorphology, Remote sensing |
|
 Georgiana Kramer |
Apollo, Chandrayaan 1 (India), Clementine, Dawn, Kaguya (Japan), LRO, Lunar Prospector ** Calibration/Test planning, Data validation, Mission science team, Science operations |
Earth, Meteorites, Moon, Solar particles/Solar wind, Vesta |
Education/Public Outreach (EPO), Field Work, Gamma-ray spectroscopy, Geology, Geomorphology, Ground-based observing, Impacts, Laboratory Spectroscopy, Mapping, Mass spectrometry, Mineralogy, Neutron spectroscopy, Petrology, Remote sensing, Spectroscopy |
Cameras, Spectrometers, Imaging spectrometers |
 Lucille Le Corre |
Cassini, Dawn, Hayabusa 1 (Japan), Hayabusa2 (Japan), OSIRIS-REx ** Calibration/Test planning, Data archive, Science operations |
Asteroids, Ceres, Dwarf planets, Europa, Icy satellites, Meteorites, Small satellites, Titan, Vesta |
Geology, Geomorphology, Ground-based observing, Mapping, Mineralogy, Remote sensing, Shape modeling, Space-based observing, Spectroscopy |
IRTF ** Cameras, Imaging spectrometers, Spectrometers |
 Katelyn Lehman Franco |
|
Earth, Moon |
Field Work, Geochemistry, Geology, Meteoritics, Petrology, Planetary Interiors, Remote sensing, Volcanism |
Mass spectrometers, X-ray spectrometers |
 Jian-Yang Li |
Chang'E 2 (China), Dawn, Deep Impact, EPOXI, HST, OSIRIS-REx, Stardust-NExT ** Calibration/Test planning, Data archive, Data validation, Mission science team, Science operations |
Asteroids, Ceres, Comets, Dwarf planets, Interplanetary Dust, Small satellites, Vesta |
Ground-based observing, Mapping, Photometry, Remote sensing, Space-based observing, Thermal modeling |
ALMA, Gemini, Palomar |
 Cynthia Little |
MSL ** Calibration/Test planning, Flight Software, Instrument operations |
Earth, Mars |
Remote sensing, Space-based observing |
|
 Jose Martinez-Camacho |
LRO |
Mercury, Moon |
Numerical modeling, Radiometry, Remote sensing, Thermal modeling |
|
 Tom McCord |
Apollo, Cassini, Chandrayaan 1 (India), Dawn, Europa Clipper, Galileo, Mariner 9, Mars Express (ESA), Rosetta ** Calibration/Test planning, Data archive, Data validation, Instrument Co-Investigator, Instrument PI, Mission science team, Optical design, Requirements generation and flow down, Science operations |
Asteroids, Callisto, Ceres, Comets, Earth, Enceladus, Europa, Ganymede, Iapetus, Icy satellites, Mars, Mercury, Meteorites, Moon, Small satellites, Titan, Vesta |
Geochemistry, Geology, Laboratory Spectroscopy, Mineralogy, Remote sensing, Spectroscopy, Thermal modeling |
Cerro Tololo, IRTF, Kitt Peak, Palomar ** Cameras, FTIR, Imaging spectrometers, Spectrometers |
 Scott Mest |
Dawn, LRO, Mars Odyssey, MRO |
Asteroids, Ceres, Dwarf planets, Mars, Moon, Vesta |
Remote sensing, Geology, Crater Counting, Geomorphology, Mapping |
|
 Alexander Morgan |
|
Earth, Mars, Titan |
Field Work, Geology, Geomorphology, Mapping, Numerical modeling, Remote sensing |
|
 Catherine Neish |
Cassini, Chandrayaan 1 (India), LRO ** Data archive, Data validation, Instrument operations, Mission science team, Science operations |
Earth, Icy satellites, Mercury, Moon, Titan, Venus |
Field Work, Geology, Geomorphology, Impacts, Radar, Remote sensing, Volcanism |
|
 Robert Nelson |
Cassini, Voyager |
Asteroids, Comets, Dwarf planets, Exoplanets, Icy satellites, Io, Mercury, Moon, Small satellites, Titan |
Photometry, Remote sensing, Spectroscopy |
|
 Eldar Noe Dobrea |
Dawn, LRO, Mars Express (ESA), Mars Odyssey, MER, MRO, MSL ** Calibration/Test planning, Data validation, Instrument Co-Investigator, Mission Co-Investigator, Mission operations, Mission science team, Science operations |
Asteroids, Ceres, Earth, Mars, Moon, Venus |
Astrobiology, Geology, Geomorphology, Mineralogy, Remote sensing, Spectroscopy |
Cameras, FTIR, Spectrometers |
 David O'Brien |
Dawn |
Asteroids, Ceres, Comets, Dwarf planets, Exoplanets, Icy satellites, Small satellites, Vesta |
Astrobiology, Numerical modeling, Remote sensing |
|
 Neil Pearson |
Cassini ** Data validation, Science operations |
|
Field Work, Geology, Mapping, Mineralogy, Optical Microscopy, Raman Spectroscopy, Remote sensing, Spectroscopy, Volcanism, X-ray spectroscopy |
Cameras, FTIR, Imaging spectrometers |
 Carle Pieters |
Chandrayaan 1 (India), Clementine, Dawn ** Instrument PI, Mission Co-Investigator |
Asteroids, Moon |
Laboratory Spectroscopy, Remote sensing |
Cameras, Imaging spectrometers |
 Thomas Prettyman |
Dawn, Lunar Prospector, Mars Odyssey, Psyche ** Calibration/Test planning, Data archive, Data validation, Electronics design, Flight Software, Instrument operations, Instrument PI, Mission Co-Investigator, Mission operations, Mission science team, Requirements generation and flow down |
Asteroids, Ceres, Comets, Dwarf planets, Earth, Mars, Meteorites, Moon, Small satellites, Vesta |
3D Printing, Education/Public Outreach (EPO), Field Work, Gamma-ray spectroscopy, Geochemistry, Geology, Mapping, Neutron detectors, Neutron spectroscopy, Numerical modeling, Remote sensing, Shape modeling |
Gamma-ray detectors, Neutron detectors |
 Nathaniel Putzig |
Mars Express (ESA), Mars Global Surveyor, Mars Insight, Mars Odyssey, MER, MRO, MSL, Phoenix Mars Lander ** Data archive, Data validation, Deputy Instrument PI, Instrument Co-Investigator, Instrument operations, Mission Co-Investigator, Mission operations, Mission science team, Science operations |
Earth, Mars |
Climate, Field Work, Geology, Geomorphology, Mapping, Numerical modeling, Planetary Interiors, Radar, Remote sensing, Tectonics, Thermal Emission Spectroscopy, Thermal modeling, Volcanism |
Cameras, Imaging spectrometers, Spectrometers |
 Julie Rathbun |
Cassini, Europa Clipper |
Icy satellites, Io |
Education/Public Outreach (EPO), Ground-based observing, Numerical modeling, Remote sensing, Volcanism |
|
 Robert Reedy |
Apollo, Dawn, Kaguya (Japan), LDEF, Lunar Scout, Mars Observer, Mars Odyssey, NEAR |
Mars, Moon, Small satellites, Vesta |
Spectroscopy, Remote sensing, Neutron spectroscopy, Gamma-ray spectroscopy, Mapping |
|
 Jim Rice |
Apollo, LRO, Mariner 9, Mars 2020, Mars Global Surveyor, Mars Odyssey, Mars Pathfinder, Mars Polar Lander, MER, MRO, MSL, Phoenix Mars Lander ** Calibration/Test planning, Mission Co-Investigator, Mission operations, Mission science team, Science operations |
Mars, Moon |
Education/Public Outreach (EPO), Field Work, Geology, Geomorphology, Mapping, Remote sensing, Space-based observing, Volcanism |
Cameras |
 Scott Robinson |
Mars 2020 ** Calibration/Test planning, Electronics design, Instrument operations, Requirements generation and flow down |
|
Remote sensing |
|
 Emilie Royer |
Cassini, MAVEN, Venus Express ** Data validation, Mission science team |
Icy satellites, Mars, Small satellites, Titan, Venus |
Aeronomy, Atmospheres, Geology, Photometry, Remote sensing, Space-based observing, Spectroscopy |
Spectrometers, Imaging spectrometers |
 Kirby Runyon |
LRO, MRO, New Horizons ** Mission operations, Mission science team, Requirements generation and flow down |
Asteroids, Charon, Dwarf planets, Earth, Icy satellites, Io, Kuiper Belt, Mars, Moon, Pluto, Titan, Trans-Neptunian objects, Venus |
Education/Public Outreach (EPO), Field Work, Geology, Geomorphology, Impacts, Mapping, Remote sensing, Volcanism |
Cameras |
 Megan Russell |
MRO |
Mars, Venus |
Mapping, Planetary Interiors, Radar, Remote sensing, Tectonics, Volcanism |
|
 Nalin Samarasinha |
|
Asteroids, Comets, Kuiper Belt |
Education/Public Outreach (EPO), Ground-based observing, Numerical modeling, Remote sensing |
Cerro Tololo, Kitt Peak |
 Juan Sanchez |
|
Asteroids, Meteorites, Small satellites |
Spectroscopy, Remote sensing, Photometry, Ground-based observing, Mineralogy |
|
 Stephen Scheidt |
|
Earth, Mars |
Crater Counting, Field Work, Geology, Geomorphology, Ground-based observing, Laboratory Spectroscopy, Mapping, Remote sensing, Shape modeling, Thermal modeling, Volcanism |
Cameras, Imaging spectrometers, Spectrometers |
 Rachel Sheppard |
MSL ** Mission science team, Science operations |
Asteroids, Earth, Icy satellites, Mars |
Field Work, Geochemistry, Geology, Laboratory Spectroscopy, Mapping, Mineralogy, Remote sensing, Spectroscopy, X-Ray Diffraction |
FTIR, Imaging spectrometers, Spectrometers, X-Ray Diffractometers |
 Matt Siegler |
Apollo, Chang'E 1 (China), Chang'E 2 (China), CLPS 2022 Lunar South Pole, CLPS 2023 Lunar Crisium, LCROSS, LRO, Lunar Prospector, Mariner 10, Mars Insight, Mars Polar Lander, MESSENGER, OSIRIS-REx, Phoenix Mars Lander, VIPER ** Calibration/Test planning, Data archive, Data validation, Instrument Co-Investigator, Mission Co-Investigator, Mission science team, Science operations |
Asteroids, Mars, Mercury, Moon |
Celestial Mechanics, Education/Public Outreach (EPO), Ground-based observing, Neutron spectroscopy, Planetary Interiors, Radar, Remote sensing, Thermal modeling |
Arecibo, VLA ** Geothermal heat flow probes, Microwave radiometers, Seismometers, Thermal radiometers |
 Matthew Staid |
Chandrayaan 1 (India) |
Earth, Moon |
Geology, Mapping, Mineralogy, Photometry, Remote sensing, Spectroscopy, Volcanism |
|
 Mark Sykes |
Dawn, HST, IRAS, ISO (ESA), MSX, NEOWISE, Spitzer ** Data archive, Mission Co-Investigator, Mission science team, Science operations |
Asteroids, Ceres, Charon, Comets, Deimos, Dwarf planets, Interplanetary Dust, Mars, Mercury, Moon, Phobos, Pluto, Small satellites, Vesta |
Ground-based observing, Photometry, Radiometry, Remote sensing, Space-based observing |
ALMA, IRTF, Kitt Peak, MMT, SMT |
 Ed Tedesco |
IRAS, ISO (ESA), IUE, MSX, NEOSSat (Canada), Spitzer ** Calibration/Test planning, Data archive, Data validation, Deputy Mission PI, Mission Co-Investigator, Mission science team, Requirements generation and flow down, Science operations |
Asteroids, Ceres, Dwarf planets, Pluto, Small satellites, Vesta |
Astrometry, Ground-based observing, Photometry, Radiometry, Remote sensing, Space-based observing |
Cerro Tololo, IRTF, Kitt Peak, Palomar ** Cameras |
 Robert Tokar |
Cassini, Mars Odyssey, MSL, Voyager |
Earth, Gas giants, Icy satellites, Interplanetary Dust, Io, Jupiter, Mars, Saturn, Solar particles/Solar wind |
Space-based observing, Spectroscopy, Remote sensing, Numerical modeling, Neutron detectors, Magnetospherics |
Gamma-ray detectors, Mass spectrometers, Neutron detectors, Plasma spectrometers |
 Bryan Travis |
|
Asteroids, Ceres, Earth, Icy satellites, Mars |
Astrobiology, High-Throughput Computing (HTC), Mineralogy, Numerical modeling, Remote sensing, Space-based observing |
|
 Faith Vilas |
Hayabusa 1 (Japan), Hayabusa2 (Japan), LCROSS, LRO, MESSENGER ** Mission science team |
Asteroids, Dwarf planets, Iapetus, Mercury, Moon, Small satellites |
Ground-based observing, Remote sensing, Space-based observing, Spectroscopy |
Cerro Tololo, MMT ** Cameras, Imaging spectrometers, Spectrometers |
 Paul Weissman |
Galileo, Rosetta |
Asteroids, Comets, Kuiper Belt, Small satellites |
Education/Public Outreach (EPO), Ground-based observing, Numerical modeling, Photometry, Remote sensing, Space-based observing |
|
 Rebecca Williams |
Mars 2020, Mars Odyssey, MRO, MSL ** Mission Co-Investigator, Mission operations, Mission science team, Science operations |
Earth, Mars |
Education/Public Outreach (EPO), Field Work, Geology, Geomorphology, Ground-based observing, Mapping, Numerical modeling, Remote sensing |
Cameras |
 Stephen Wood |
Mars Polar Lander, Phoenix Mars Lander ** Calibration/Test planning, Data archive, Flight Software, Instrument Co-Investigator, Instrument operations, Mission science team, Requirements generation and flow down, Science operations |
Asteroids, Callisto, Ceres, Earth, Icy satellites, Mars, Mercury, Moon |
Astrobiology, Atmospheres, Climate, Geomorphology, Laboratory Spectroscopy, Numerical modeling, Radiometry, Remote sensing, Thermal Emission Spectroscopy, Thermal modeling |
Cameras, Imaging spectrometers, FTIR |
 Shawn Wright |
MER ** Mission science team, Science operations |
Earth, Mars, Meteorites |
Geology, Mineralogy, Remote sensing |
Cameras, FTIR, Spectrometers, X-Ray Diffractometers |
 Naoyuki Yamashita |
Dawn, Kaguya (Japan) ** Calibration/Test planning, Data archive, Data validation, Instrument operations, Mission science team |
Asteroids, Ceres, Mars, Moon, Vesta |
Gamma-ray spectroscopy, Neutron spectroscopy, Numerical modeling, Remote sensing |
Gamma-ray detectors, Neutron detectors |
 Aileen Yingst |
Dawn, Mars Pathfinder, Mars Polar Lander, MER, MSL ** Calibration/Test planning, Deputy Instrument PI, Instrument Co-Investigator, Instrument operations, Mission operations, Mission science team, Requirements generation and flow down, Science operations |
Ceres, Earth, Mars, Moon, Vesta |
Education/Public Outreach (EPO), Geology, Geomorphology, Mapping, Remote sensing, Spectroscopy, Volcanism |
Cameras |
 Xiao-Duan Zou |
Chang'E 1 (China), Chang'E 2 (China), Chang'E 3 (China), OSIRIS-REx ** Calibration/Test planning, Data archive, Data validation, Mission science team, Science operations |
Asteroids, Comets, Moon |
Crater Counting, Education/Public Outreach (EPO), Geology, Geomorphology, Impacts, Mapping, Photometry, Remote sensing, Shape modeling, Spectroscopy |
Cameras, Imaging spectrometers, Spectrometers |